Ashoor Rasho has spent more than half his life alone in a prison cell in Illinois — 22 to 24 hours a day. The cell was so narrow he could reach his arms out and touch both walls at once.
"It was pretty broke down — the whole system, the way they treated us," says the 43-year-old Rasho, who has been diagnosed with several mental health conditions, including severe depression, schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder.
Rasho says little things would trigger him, and he'd react violently. Although he'd been sentenced to prison initially for robbery and burglary, his sentence was extended over and over for assaults on prison staff.
"Even if they would label us schizophrenic or bipolar, we would still be considered behavioral problems," Rasho says. "So the only best thing for them to do was keep us isolated. Or they heavily medicate you."
He spent most of his 26-year prison sentence in restrictive housing, or solitary confinement, where he had hallucinations, engaged in self-mutilation and tried to kill himself.
In 2007, Rasho and 12,000 other inmates with mental illness sued the Illinois Department of Corrections, alleging that the agency punishes inmates with mental illness instead of properly treating them.
"They're not the worst of the worst. They're the sickest of the sick. ... Maybe they weren't even that bad before they got in, and they just get worse and worse. It's a tragedy — absolutely immoral — to see that happen to people."
A settlement was reached in 2016, when the state agreed to revamp mental health care and provide better treatment.
But a federal judge has ruled that care remains "grossly insufficient" and "extremely poor." The agency has not hired enough mental health staff to provide care to everyone who needs it, and inmates with mental illness suffer as they continue to wait for long-overdue treatment.
Punishment, not treatment
Dr. Stuart Grassian is a psychiatrist who spent 25 years at Harvard studying how the conditions in solitary confinement cause harm — especially for people who are mentally ill.
"You're looking at the population of a state psychiatric hospital," says Grassian, who has met hundreds of inmates like Rasho who have served long sentences in extreme isolation.
"They're not the worst of the worst," Grassian says. "They're the sickest of the sick; the wretched of the Earth. Maybe they weren't even that bad before they got in, and they just get worse and worse. It's a tragedy — absolutely immoral — to see that happen to people."
Inadequate treatment of mentally ill prisoners is a problem across the U.S. When psychiatric institutions began closing down in the 1950s, they weren't replaced with mental health services in the community. So, many people with mental illness have scrapes with the law, and end up in prisons that are ill-equipped to treat them.
According to federal data on state and federal prisons from 2011 to 2012, nearly 40 percent of inmates reported having been told by a mental health professional that they had a mental health disorder.
Yet among those who met the threshold for having serious psychological distress at the time of the survey, only about half were receiving treatment — medication, counseling, or both — for their illness. And they were more likely to be written up or charged with verbal or physical assault against correctional staff or other inmates than prisoners without an indicator of a mental health problem.
Correctional facilities in the U.S. are considered the largest provider of mental health services. Yet many prison systems are facing fiscal crises and struggle to provide constitutionally adequate treatment, even after lawsuits lead to court mandates for access to mental health care.
The problem is particularly bad in Illinois, which has long ranked near last in terms of the amount of money it spends on health care for inmates, according to the Pew Charitable Trusts.
And when prison inmates don't receive the mental health care they need, they're more likely to cycle in and out of the criminal justice system.
Alan Mills, one of the attorneys representing inmates in the 2007 class-action lawsuit, has made numerous visits to Illinois prison facilities in recent years.
"When you walk through these galleries, you get overwhelmed by the pain and suffering that you see in front of you," says Mills, director of the Uptown People's Law Center in Chicago.
An obvious problem
Even state officials acknowledge the prison system has not done well for inmates with mental illness.
"Corrections in Illinois was a little slow to recognize we are the mental health system for Illinois," says John Baldwin, who directs the state's corrections department. "Whether we want to be or not, we are; and we have to start acting like it."
Baldwin says since he took over in 2015, the department has hired more mental health staff and provided training to all employees on how to engage with people who are mentally ill.
Most inmates now spend at least eight hours a week out of their cell and see a therapist once a month.
And about 765 of the inmates who are most ill have been transferred to new residential treatment facilities — where they are finally receiving appropriate care, Baldwin says.
But Mills points out: That's a small fraction of the 12,000 who are mentally ill.
"And for the vast majority of those, not a lot has changed," Mills says. "They simply aren't getting the kind of treatment they need in order to improve their situation at all."
A sign of progress
The Joliet Treatment Center in the southwest suburbs of Chicago doesn't look like a typical prison facility.
Half a dozen single-story buildings — called dorms — surround a big grassy area. Walking paths connect the dorms.
"I always refer to it as the quad," Warden Andrea Tack says, as she takes me on a tour. "It reminds me of some of the college campuses that have [a] big center lawn area and then all the classrooms surround it."
But, unlike a college campus, this facility is surrounded by two layers of barbed wire fencing.
A few years ago, Illinois spent $17 million to convert what used to be a youth detention center at Joliet into a mental health treatment facility for inmates with serious mental illness.
The dining hall is at the center of the quad; the gym is just to the east, and a building to the south houses a library, medical clinic and classrooms where inmates take GED courses and receive job training.
Tack says the inmates here spend about 30 hours a week out of their cell in various activities, according to their individual treatment plans.
She says she's seen inmates who've been transferred to the Joliet facility make huge strides over the past year.
People who were attempting to hang themselves and acting out aggressively, "now, they're out and about in the community — going to classes, going to meals, interacting with others," Tack says. "Some are serving as mentors for other residents."
Mills says he, too, has seen this transformation in some inmates.
"And it's a difficult transition," he says, "because you've been treated in a place where you're continually traumatized, and then you get to a place where actually people care about you."
It takes time, Mills says, for many to learn that they can trust and receive help, instead of acting out aggressively the way they've been conditioned to do for so many years.
'Culture of abuse'
The atmosphere at the Joliet center stands in stark contrast to the experience at some of the state's other prisons, such as Pontiac Correctional Center, located about 60 miles south of Joliet.
There, inmates with mental illness are often kept isolated and are lucky to get even one hour of mental health treatment a month, says Dr. Pablo Stewart, a psychiatrist. He was appointed by the federal court to oversee the settlement in the lawsuit.
In his most recent report, Stewart singled out the prison at Pontiac for having a "culture of abuse and retaliation" against mentally ill inmates.
"Almost everyone at the mental health unit at Pontiac should be at Joliet," Stewart says.
If they were getting that same level of mental health care, Stewart says, they wouldn't have as many behavior issues.
The Pontiac prison has a high concentration of inmates with behavior problems; the most challenging inmates are transferred there from prison facilities across the state.
And the facility lacks the necessary mental health staff to provide treatment to everyone who needs it.
As a result, Stewart says, many mentally ill inmates are isolated from the rest of the prison population, with little or no meaningful social interaction. The conditions cause them to deteriorate, he says, making them more prone to acting out.
Mentally ill prisoners isolated this way "end up throwing feces or urine at staff; end up exposing themselves [or] masturbating in front of female staff," Stewart says.
Inmates with untreated mental illness also often get into fights with other inmates and prison staff.
Stewart says the workers themselves are traumatized from their job, and that can make them prone to retaliate. Based on interviews with both inmates and staff, Stewart says he's absolutely convinced that some staff members abuse inmates at Pontiac.
Asked about those abuse allegations, a spokesperson for the corrections department, Lindsey Hess, writes in an email that the agency takes allegations of excessive force seriously and investigates them.
In an interview prior to the latest court monitor's report, Baldwin said he would "be surprised" if inmates with mental illness were being abused today.
"We take swift action to refer [any reports of abuse] we get to the state police or the state's attorney," he said. "We will not tolerate that."
As for prison staff who may be traumatized by their job, Hess says the agency has implemented several initiatives in recent years to improve the mental, physical and emotional well-being of employees.
These include peer support groups for staff, access to professional counselors and a recurring class — called "From Corrections Fatigue to Fulfillment" — that teaches staff members about the psychological dynamics of working in the field of corrections.
Stewart says Joliet is one Illinois facility that is finally providing inmates with adequate mental health treatment. That should be the norm everywhere, he says. But it's not.
"That's the standard of care that's required," Stewart says.
A lingering problem
When I interviewed Rasho last May, he'd been out of prison for more than a year. But his many years spent in solitary confinement still haunt him.
"I don't sleep right," he told me. "Any little thing triggers something in me."
Last fall, Rasho was arrested again, so he's now back in the prison system.
Mills says the situation in Illinois shows that lawsuits don't always solve the problems — at least not right away.
"A court order is great, but it's a piece of paper," he says. "It's not actually treatment."
The orders from U.S. District Judge Michael Mihm continue.
Days before Christmas, he ordered Illinois' prison agency to correct widespread deficiencies. He gave the agency until March to hire enough mental health staff to provide adequate care to all inmates who need it.
This story was produced by , a news collaborative covering public health. Christine Herman is a recipient of the 2018-2019 Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism. Follow her on Twitter: @CTHerman.
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