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Climate Change Is Resetting The Clock For Missouri Wildflowers. Will It Affect Their Survival?

 A bumblebee collects pollen from a blue phlox flower at Shaw Nature Reserve. Some wildflower species are now blooming for longer periods than in the past, based on historical data.
Shahla Farzan
/
St. Louis Public Radio
A bumblebee collects pollen from a blue phlox flower at Shaw Nature Reserve. Some wildflower species are now blooming for longer periods than in the past, based on historical data.

In recent decades, climate change has shifted when Missouri wildflowers bloom. Once-forgotten data found in the archives of the Missouri Botanical Garden have become a springboard for scientists studying how climate change may affect the survival of native plants.

To some, the bundle of yellowing pages might have looked like trash.

But Peter Hoch suspected the notes tucked away in the Missouri Botanical Garden archives could be something special.

“One of the archivists came in and said, ‘I found these weird notes that look like a list of plants from Shaw Nature Reserve,’” remembers Hoch, a curator at the garden. “I immediately thought, ‘Oh God, I have to see these.’”

The pages contained detailed data collected in the late 1930s and ‘40s by prominent botanist Edgar Anderson, documenting the bloom periods of native wildflowers at the nature reserve in Gray Summit, Missouri.

Though many of the same species can still be found peppering the reserve’s forested hillsides and shady glades, climate change is shifting when they bloom. Researchers in St. Louis are using the once-forgotten data as a springboard to explore how climate change has reshaped this ecosystem over the past 80 years — and how it could affect the survival of native plants in the future.

Plants and animals use temperature and other environmental cues like a calendar to decide when to migrate, breed or emerge from their winter dens.

But for many species, climate change is disrupting those natural rhythms. Historical datasets like Anderson’s are rare and extremely valuable to scientists, because they provide a snapshot of how things used to be.

Not long after the pages were unearthed in 2009, Hoch and Washington University graduate student Nicole Miller-Struttmann began pouring over them.

“It took some detective work,” said Miller-Struttmann, now an assistant professor of biology at Webster University. “Hours of going back and figuring out what species [Anderson] was talking about, because species’ names have changed, and what he meant in his notes.”

They decided to repeat the original study, hiking the same trails every week for four years and noting when different wildflowers were blooming to measure how much flowering times had changed since the 1930s.

Of the hundreds of species they documented, a pattern emerged: Summer wildflowers are now blooming longer than they used to — in some cases, by up to a week. “It’s significant, when you think that some of these species only bloom for a couple weeks,” Miller-Struttman said.

Edgar Anderson, botanist and former director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, spent years collecting wildflower data at Shaw Nature Reserve.
Missouri Botanical Garden archives
Edgar Anderson, botanist and former director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, spent years collecting wildflower data at Shaw Nature Reserve.


A pile up of wildflower species

Wildflowers that bloom for longer periods could lead to greater overlap with other species and competition for the same pollinators.

Still, it’s unclear what this seasonal pile up of species could mean for native wildflowers, said Washington University postdoctoral researcher Matthew Austin.

“If there are more flowering species in the environment, there's a greater likelihood that a pollinator will visit multiple species while out foraging,” Austin said. “This is important, because in order for a flower to reproduce, it has to receive pollen from its own species.”

In other words, a bee presented with a smorgasbord of flowering plants might flit from species to species, dusting flowers with the wrong type of pollen. That could push more plants to self-pollinate — an “extreme form of inbreeding” that is slightly better than getting pollen from the wrong species, Austin said.

To understand how this could affect the reproduction and survival of Missouri wildflowers, Austin plans to pollinate hundreds of flowers by hand this year at Shaw Nature Reserve.

Kneeling on a forested hillside covered in clumps of blue phlox and Canadian wood betony, Austin collects pollen from individual flowers in a plastic tube, attracting curious looks from passersby.

Matthew Austin, an ecologist and postdoctoral researcher at Washington University, cinches a mesh bag closed over a Jacob's ladder blossom at Shaw Nature Reserve to keep pollinators from visiting.
Shahla Farzan
/
St. Louis Public Radio
Matthew Austin, an ecologist and postdoctoral researcher at Washington University, cinches a mesh bag closed over a Jacob's ladder blossom at Shaw Nature Reserve to keep pollinators from visiting.


To ensure no pollinators visit his flowers, he slips sheer white wedding favor bags over the buds before they open. But just as he removes one of the bags from a Jacob’s ladder flower to tap the pollen onto its sticky stigma, a tiny metallic green sweat bee lands on it.

“It just snuck right in there while I had it unbagged,” Austin said, striking that particular flower from the study. “You always want what you can’t have, right?”

He moves on to the next flower, a human meticulously doing the work of a bee.

It’s a slow, repetitive process, but Austin hopes the results will help us better understand this complicated ecosystem, even as climate change reshapes it.

Follow Shahla on Twitter: @shahlafarzan

Copyright 2021 St. Louis Public Radio. To see more, visit St. Louis Public Radio.

Shahla Farzan is a general assignment reporter and weekend newscaster at St. Louis Public Radio. She comes most recently from KBBI Public Radio in Homer, Alaska, where she covered issues ranging from permafrost thaw to disputes over prayer in public meetings. A science nerd to the core, Shahla spent six years studying native bees, eventually earning her PhD in ecology from the University of California-Davis. She has also worked as an intern at Capital Public Radio in Sacramento and a podcaster for BirdNote. In her free time, she enjoys hiking, combing flea markets for tchotchkes, and curling up with a good book.
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